Population Situation of Nepal | Cause, Consequences and Remedial Measures of High Population Growth | Economics Class 11

Tharu People in Terai

Notes | Economics
HSEB Notes on Population Situation of Nepal
Class : 11

Size of population: 

The size of population of Nepal according to population census 2001 is 2,31,51,423 out of which the no. of male population is 1,15,62,921 and female population is 1,15,87,502. Similarly, according to this census the annual growth rate of population of 2.24%. 

Distribution of population: 

Geographically, Nepal is divided into three ecological regions i.e. Mountain, Hill and Terai. According to population census 2001, the distribution of population by geographical reasons is as follows: 

Public Enterprises - Features and Current Status in Nepal | Economics Class 11

Notes | Economics
HSEB Notes on Public Enterprises-Features and Current Status in Nepal

Class : 11

Public enterprises:

Those enterprises which are earned by the government are called public enterprises. These enterprises have autonomy in management and legally independent entity. These enterprises are directed and controlled by the government. Public enterprises are also called social industries or government enterprises. In Nepal, these enterprises are called “Government Owned Enterprises.” According to A.H. Henson, “a Public enterprise means state ownership and operations of industrial, agricultural and commercial undertakings (enterprises).” Therefore, the enterprises owned, managed and operated by the government with definite objectives are called public enterprises.

Macro Economics | HSEB Notes for Management Students Class 11

Economics

HSEB Notes on Macro Economics

Class : 11

The term macro economics means large aggregate all. Macro economics always deals with the function of economy as a whole. It doesn’t study an individual unit. Therefore, it is also known as aggregate economics or the theory income and employment. Macro economics study the national incomes, national output, general price level, etc According to Boulding “Macro economics is that part of economics which studies overall, average and aggregate of the system”. It means macro economics is the study of aggregate standard for example, it study how economy determines employment level, national output, national income etc. It is focused on National Policy.

Micro Economics | HSEB Notes for Management Students Class 11

Economics

HSEB Notes on Micro Economics

Class : 11

The term micro economics means small. Hence microeconomics deals with a small part or small component of national economy. According to K.E. Boulding, “Micro Economics is the study of particular form, particular household, individual price, wages, income of industry and commodities. Therefore, micro economics theory studies the behavior of individual decision making unit such as business firm, industry; determine the price of the goods and services. It also study how business firm minimized its cost and output. On the other side, it also explains how the individual consumer distributes his total income on different services to maximize his utility of satisfaction. Hence, micro economics never studies the economy as a whole. It is also called price theory.

Positive and Normative Economics | HSEB Notes for Class 11 Commerce Students

 Economics

HSEB Notes on Positive and Normative Economics

Class : 11

Positive economics

The concept of positive economics was introduced by classical and modern economist Robbins Positive economics is related with the description of economics event. The study of what is or what exist is called positive economics. It analyses every issue of economics positively, without personal judgment. It Explains the cause of effect, relationship of economic variable. For example: When the government imposes tax on goods, the price of the goods will rise.

Nature of Economics | HSEB Notes for Management Students Class 11

Economics

HSEB Notes on Nature of Economics

Class : 11

Economics is science or art

Economics is a science because it is a systematic body of knowledge which helps to collect or analysis the fact. It also shows the relationship between cause and effects which gives principal and helps to explain. On the other side, economics guide us to achieve to certain goals. For example: it refers to increase the production to reduce the poverty. That means it also prescribe formula for achieving desired object and also provide solution. Hence, economics is science or art.

Origin, Defination, Importance, Limitation and function of Statics | Class 11 Economics

Economics
HSEB Notes on Origin, Definition, Importance, Limitation and Function of Statics 
Class : 11

Origin and Definition of Statistics

The term statistics is believed to have been derived from the Latin word “Statistic”. In early days, it was used only of the collection of the information of the population of the state military. But in the modern time it is used in almost all aspects of human related activities

Scope of Economics and Relation Between other Science | Class 11 Economics HSEB Notes

Economics
HSEB Notes on Scope of Economics
Class : 11

Scope of any subject means the area of its study. The scope of economics refers to the coverage of economics. In other word scope of economics includes all the branches of economics such as subject matter of economics, nature of economics, relation with other science and its limitation.

Subject matter of economics

The subject matter of economics is quite controversial, economist belonging to classical age define economic as the science of wealth. Whereas, Neo-Classical economist says it is the science of material welfare and after sometime the modern economist defined economics as science of scarcity and choice

HSEB Notes of Economics | Principles of Economics | Extra Reference

ECONOMICS | EXTRA REFERENCE
PRINCIPLE OF ECONOMICS
CLASS : 11 AND 12
Author : Carl Menger
File Type : PDF
Size : 1940 KB
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FOREWORD BY PETER G. KLEIN
INTRODUCTION BY F.A. HAYEK
TRANSLATED BY :  JAMES DINGWALL AND BERT F. HOSELITZ

“There never lived at the same time,” wrote Ludwig von Mises, “more than a score of men whose work contributed anything essential to economics.”1 One of those men was Carl Menger (1840–1921), professor of political economy at the University of Vienna and founder of the Austrian School of economics. Menger’s pathbreaking Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre (Principles of economics), published in 1871, not only introduced the concept of marginal analysis, it presented a radically new approach to economic analysis, an approach that still forms the core of the Austrian theory of value and price.

Unlike his contemporaries William Stanley Jevons and Léon Walras, who independently developed their own concepts of marginal utility during the 1870s, Menger favored an approach that was deductive, teleological, and, in a primary sense, humanistic. While Menger shared his contemporaries’ preference for abstract reasoning, he was primarily interested in explaining the realworld actions of real people, not in creating artificial, stylized representations of reality. Economics, for Menger, is the study of purposeful human choice, the relationship between means and ends. “All things are subject to the law of cause and effect,” he begins his treatise. “This great principle knows no exception.” 2 Jevons and Walras rejected cause and effect in favor of simultaneous determination, the technique of modeling complex relations as systems of simultaneous equations in which no variable “causes” another. Theirs has become the standard approach in contemporary economics, accepted by nearly all economists but the followers of Carl Menger.