Video of Prophase-I of Meiosis Cell Division with Explanation of Different Sub-Phases

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HSEB Notes on Meiosis Cell Division Prophase-I
CLASS : 11

Meiosis Cell Division 

The process of cell division which takes place in a diploid cell and produces four haploid cell is meiosis cell division i.e. Each cell having half the number of chromosomes as that of parent cell.

Prophase-I 

It is very complex and ling phase. It is further divided into five successive sub phases

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CLASS : 11

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UNIT ONE : INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY (BIO MOLECULES)

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Biochemically important organic and inorganic molecules (general concepts) : Carbohydrate, protein, Lipid, nucleic acid, minerals and water.

UNIT TWO : CELL BIOLOGY

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The cell : The cell as a unit of life, structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, Structure and function of cell organelles and inclusions. Cell devision : A mitosis, mitosis, meiosis.

UNIT THREE : BIODIVERSITY

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Definition and scope of biodiversity, flora diversity of Nepal, concept of taxonomy : classification, binomial nomenclature, shortcoming of two kingdom classification, hierarchic system in classifications  phylogeny. Five kingdom classification Monera, Protista, Mycota, Plantae and Animal.

Download HSEB Notes of Botany | Biota and Their Environment | Biology

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UNIT TEN : BIOTA AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTCLASS : 11
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The forest is very important renewable natural resources. About 37% land area of Nepal is occupied by forest. But according to unofficial record only 10% land area is occupied by forest.

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UNIT SEVEN : ANGIOSPERM
CLASS : 11
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The cruciferae is also known as mustard family. This family includes 375 genera and 3200 species. The plants are found abundantly in northern hemisphere and distributed worldwide. This family includes vegetables flowers and wild varieties. 

Some economically important plants of this family are

Brassica compestris, (TORI) Important for oil and vegetable

B. rapa, (Turnip) Important for vegetable

B. nigra, (RAYO) Important for oil and vegetable

B. oleracea, (CAULI) Important vegetable and Anticancer

 Raphnus sativus (MULA) Important vegetable

 Lepidium sativum (CHAMSUR) Important vegetable

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UNIT THREE : BIODIVERSITY
CLASS : 11
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The taxonomy is the branch of biology, which deals with identification, naming, and classification of organisms. The father of taxonomy is considered as Carolus Linnaeus.

Binomial Nomenclature : The system of giving scientific name to organisms by using two Latin words is called binomial nomenclature. For example Rana tigrina (Frog). The first word represents genus and the name is called generic name. The second word represents species and called specific name.

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UNIT SIX : KINGDOM PLANTAE
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The plant body is thalloid. The thallus is unbranched or unattached. The thallus is called filament. The young filament is attached to some substratum by the help of basal cells. Each filament consists of many cylindrical cells. The cells are longer than breadth. The cell is surrounded by gelatinous sheath. Cell wall is outermost layer, which is rigid and consists of two layers. The outer layer is made up of pectose and inner layer is made up of cellulose. Two cells in the filament are separated by a common wall, which is called septum. The cytoplasm contains cell inclusions and cell organelles. There is a central vacuole in the centre of well which is surrounded by a layer called tonoplast. The vacuole is filled by a liquid called cell sap. There is a nucleus at the centre of vacuole. In each cell, spirally coiled chloroplast is present in the cytoplasm. In chloroplast, round and spherical bodies are found which are called pyrinoid.

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UNIT FOUR : KINGDOM MONERA
CLASS : 11
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Bacteria are discovered by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek in 1676. They are found everywhere in air, water, soil, and bodies of organisms. There is no natural death of bacteria. They are killed either using chemicals or by infecting with virus.

Morphology : Size of the bacteria varies from 2-5µm and 0.3-0.8µm width in rod shaped bacteria. In spherical bacteria the size varies from 0.5 – 1µm in diameter. 

Spherical bacteria: the bacteria having spherical in shape are called coccus bacteria. The coccus bacteria may be found singly and freely are called monococcus or micrococcus. When they are found in the group of two is called diploccus. Sometimes they are found in the group of four are called tetracoccus. Some of them are found in chain are called streptococcus and some are found in large group like bunch of grape called staphylococcus.

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UNIT TWO : CELL BIOLOGY
CLASS : 11
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The cell is defines as living unit of life or basic unit of life or structural and functional unit of life or fundamental unit of life or autonomous and self contained unit of the life. In 1665, Robert Hook discovered cell. In his experiment, he cut the cork pieces. Then he observed under his microscope and found many small compartments in it. He named each compartment Cell. In 1838, German Botanist Schleiden occluded that the plant body is also composed of cells. In addition, in 1839 German Zoologist Theodor concluded that the animal body is also composed of cells.

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CLASS : 11


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Download HSEB Notes of Zoology | Conservation of Wildlife Resources | Biology

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UNIT TEN : CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE RESOURCES
Class : 11
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The nature has been so kind to man ever since it appearance on the earth, man has been dependant on it. They needed plant and animal for different purposes. The expanded human population is resulting into expanded needs of man. The utilizing modern technology man started to utilize them. We have taken loans from the nature that cannot be paid back. The biological community that too million of years to develop are been divest by human activities. The umber of animals and plants are already eliminated from the world and the numbers of organisms are in the process. Therefore, there is urgent need to conserve them.

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UNIT NINE : ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
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The movement or res0ponse of animal with their environment is called animal behavior. There are three types of animal behavior.

1. Reflex action : The quick or immediate response toward stimulus is called reflex action. This is automatic or unconscious. The reflex action is also known as automatic response. There are two types of reflex action

Simple reflexes. Simple reflexes are inborn or unlearned, for example closing of eyes when an object approaches and secretion of saliva in mouth seeing sweet or sour food. Conditional reflexes. The responses brought about by learning or experiences, for example ringing a bell and secretion of saliva in dog. 

Mechanism of Reflex Action

The centre of reflex action is spinal cord. The afferent fiber or sensory fiber enters the spinal cord through the dorsal root and carry the impulse from the effectors organ to spinal cord. The efferent fiber or motor fiber passes through the ventral root and carries impulses away from the spinal cord to the effectors organ. The adjustor neuron in spinal cord communicates between afferent and efferent neuron.

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UNIT EIGHT : ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Class : 11
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Any undesirable change in the environment, which affects biotic community, is known as pollution. The matter which cause pollution is undesirable change in the environment is called pollutant. There are two types of pollutants.

Degradable pollutants : Pollutants, which can degrade or decompose naturally, are degradable pollutant. They do not remain in the nature for long time. They increase fertility of the soil and suitable for plant growth, e.g. Domestic sewage and domestic fertilizers.

Non degradable pollutants : The pollutants which do not degrade naturally and cause pollution are non degradable pollutants. They remain in the nature for long time. They decrease fertility of soil and unsuitable for plant growth e.g. aluminium cans mercuric salts, DDT, plastics and glasses.

Download HSEB Notes of Zoology | Detailed Study of Frog | Biology

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UNIT SEVEN | DETAILED STUDY OF FROG
Class 11
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Frog lives in fresh water, moist and damp place. They are poikilothermic (cold blooded). Frog becomes active in rainy season and they breed in rainy season. In winter and summer season, they live under soil and are inactive. The winter period is called hibernation and summer period is called aestivation. During hibernation and aestivation, they utilize food stored in their body.

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UNIT SIX : DETAILED STUDY OF EARTHWORM
Class : 11
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It is found in soil, which is rich n humus. It is found abundantly in rainy season. Other days it is found in soil. The earthworm is usually active at night and so called nocturnal. They feed on soil; digest organic matters and undigested matter are excreted out called castings. The earthworm plough soil, makes soil fertile, and so called farmers friend.

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UNIT FOUR : KINGDOM PROTISTA
Class : 11
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Characteristics and classification of phylum Protozoa up to class with examples; Habit and habitat, structure, reproduction and life cycle of Paramecium and Plasmodium vivax (a concept of P. faciparum).

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UNIT TWO : ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE
Class : 11
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Meaning of evolution, Life and its origin, A brief history of evolutionary ideas, Oparin and Haldane's theory, Miller and Urey Experiment, Organic evolution, evidences of evolution : structural, anatomical, paleontological, embryological,biochemical and genetical, Lamarckism,