Explanation of Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity | Chemistry Class 11

Chemistry | Long Question
Explanation of Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
Class : 11

According to this rule, electron pairing will not take place in orbitals of same energy (same sub-shell) until each orbital is first singly filled with parallel spin. In other words in a set of orbitals having same energy (degenerate orbitals), the electrons distribute themselves to occupy separate orbitals with same spin as far as possible. This rule can be illustrated by considering the example of carbon. The atomic number of carbon is 6 and it contains two electrons in 2p sub-shell and these can be distributed in the following three ways:

Nascent (Atomic) and Molecular Hydrogen Difference and Definition | Chemistry Class 11

Chemistry | Short Question
Difference Between Nascent (Atomic) and Molecular Hydrogen
Class : 11

Nascent Hydrogen :

A reactive form of hydrogen generated in situ in the reaction mixture (e.g. by the action of acid on zinc). Nascent hydrogen can reduce elements and compounds that do not readily react with 'normal' hydrogen. It was once thought that the hydrogen was present as atoms, but this is not the case. Probably hydrogen molecules are formed in an excited state and react before they revert to the ground state.

Short Note on Bohr's Atomic Model of Atom | Chemistry Class 11

Notes | Chemistry
Short Note on Bohr's Atomic Model of Atom
Class : 11

In 1913, Niels Bohr put forward his theory regarding the structure of an atom. He retained the main features of Rutherford’s nuclear model and proposed some modifications. The proposed model is known as Bohr’s model. Its salient features are as follows :

1. The nucleus of an atom is situated at its centre

2. The electrons in an atom move around the nucleus in definite circular orbits known as energy levels or shells.

Nomenclature Summary : Organic Chemistry | Class 11

Notes | Organic Chemistry
HSEB Notes on Nomenclature
Class : 11

IUPAC SYSTEM OF NAMING COMPOUNDS

1. Select the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms for the basic name.

2. Number the carbons in the chain from the end nearest the first branch (to give lowest set of numbers).

3. Identify substituents. If more than one substituent of the same kind is present, use the prefixes “di”, “tri”, “tetra”.

4. Locate the substituents by the number of the carbon to which they are attached.

5. Put substituents in alphabetical order (multiplier prefixes do not count).

Modern Periodic Table | HSEB Notes of Chemistry Class 11

Chemistry
HSEB Notes on Modern Periodic Table
Class : 11

Modern periodic law 

The physical and chemical properties  of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.

The Periodic Law revealed important  analogies among the 94 naturally occurring  elements (neptunium and plutonium like  actinium and protoactinium are also found in  pitch blende ñ an ore of uranium). It stimulated  renewed interest in Inorganic Chemistry and  has carried into the present with the creation of artificially produced short-lived elements.  It is then easy to visualize the significance of quantum numbers and electronic 

HSEB Entrance Exam Questions Paper of Chemistry Class 11 | 50+ Questions

EXAM | QUESTIONS
ENTRANCE EXAM QUESTION PAPER
CLASS : 11
Number of Questions : 50

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50+ Entrance Exam Objective Questions | Chemistry +2

Download HSEB Notes of Chemistry | Thermal Properties and Ideal Gases | Extra Reference | E-Book | Class 11

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Boyle's  Law  :   Pressure  and  volume  of  an enclosed  sample  of  gas

If  you  have  ever  tried  to  force  in  the  plunger  of  a  syringe  or  a  bicycle  pump while  sealing  the   opening  with  a  finger  you  will  know  that  there  is  some  sort  of inverse relationship between the force you apply and how far in you can push it. Greater  and  greater  forces  are  needed  to  push  the  plunger  further  and  further in.   In  other  words,  the  smaller  you  make  the  volume  of  the  enclosed  air,  the

bigger  the  pressure  of  that  enclosed  air. Scientific progress is closely related to technological development :  they feed and  support  each  other.   No  real  progress  could  be  made  in  the  study  of  gases until  the  17th  century  when  the  first  efective  vacuum  pumps  were  developed. An  Englishman  named  Robert  Boyle  designed  some  excellent  vacuum  pumps which  allowed  him  to  take  very  accurate  measurements  over  a  good  range  of pressures  and  volumes.  He  discovered  the  startlingly  simple  fact  that  the  pressure and volume are not just vaguely inversely related, but are exactly inversely proportional.

Download HSEB Notes of Chemistry | Reaction Type | Extra Reference | E-Book | Class 11

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Chemical  Reactions

Chemical  reactions  are  also  known  as  chemical  changes.This  refers  to  the changes in the structure of molecules.  Such reactions can result in molecules at taching to each other to form larger molecules, molecules breaking apart to form two  or  more  smaller  molecules,  or  rearrangements  of  atoms  within  molecules. Chemical reactions usually involve the making or breaking of chemical bonds.  A chemical reaction does not involve or change the nucleus of the atom in any way. Only  the  electron  clouds  around the  atoms,  involved  in  the  reaction,  interact. A  chemical  reaction  can  result  in:

Download HSEB Notes of Chemistry | Atomic Nuclei | Extra Reference | Ebook | Class 11

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Amazingly  enough,  human  mind  that  is  kind  of  contained  inside  a  couple  of liters of human's brain, is able to deal with extremely large as well as extremely small  objects  such  as  the  whole  universe  and  its  smallest  building  blocks.   So, what  are  these  building  blocks?   As  we  already  know,  the  universe  consists  of galaxies,  which  consist  of  stars  with  planets  moving  around.   The  planets  are made  of  molecules,  which  are  bound  groups  (chemical  compounds)  of  atoms.   There  are  more  than 10₂₀  stars  in  the  universe.   Currently,  scientists  know over  12  million  chemical  compounds  i.e.  12  million  diferent  molecules.  All  this variety of molecules is made of only a hundred of diferent atoms.  For those who believe  in  beauty  and  harmony  of  nature,  this  number  is  still  too  large.   They would  expect  to  have  just  few  diferent  things  from  which  all  other  substances are made.  In this chapter, we are going to find out what these elementary things are. 

Download HSEB Notes of Chemistry | Atomic combinations, Molecular structure, Chemical Bonding | Extra Refrence | Class 11 | E-Book

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What is a molecule?

All matter consists of atoms, the most basic element of life. When two or more atoms combine or bond they form a molecule. These molecules are neutral and behave as a unit in a chemical reaction. e.g. two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom can combine to form one water molecule: H + H + O = H₂O Most substances are composed of molecules. However, they can also be made up of atoms or ions. The noble gases (group VIII of the periodic table) are very + stable and therefore prefer not to form bonds. So they are made up of a single atom and are sometimes called monatomic molecules. Most other gases, e.g. O2  and Cl2, are diatomic molecules. Neutral salts like NaCl consist of ions and don't have any formal bonds to make up a molecule. The ions make up a so-called giant molecule.

Download HSEB Notes of Chemistry | Language of Chemistry | Extra Reference | E-Book | Class 11

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HSEB NOTE ON CHEMISTRY | LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY
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Lab- The Language of Chemistry
Safety goggles must be worn at all times

Introduction: A chemical equation is a chemical “sentence” describing either a chemical change or a physical change and allows chemists to keep track of substances involved in a laboratory procedure. The reactants are the substances that come together in a chemical reaction & the products are the substances that form after a chemical reaction. Physical changes usually involve phase changes (like melting of ice), while chemical changes usually produce entirely new substances.

Download HSEB Notes of Chemistry freely for Class 10(SLC), 11, 12 | The Free High School Science Texts: A Textbook for High School Students Studying Chemistry

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THE FREE HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE TEXTS : A TEXT BOOK FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS STUDYING CHEMISTRY
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This file contain Notes of Class 10, 11, 12 studying Chemistry

Le Chatelier's principle

Le Chatelier's Principle helps to predict what a change in temperature, concentration or pressure will have on the position of the equilibrium in a chemical reaction. It states: When the equilibrium of a closed system is disturbed, the equilibrium will shift to cause the opposite e®ect and so cancel the change. In other words the system will try to get back to equilibrium. Concentration: If the concentration of a substance is increased, the equilibrium will shift so that this concentration decreases. Since Kc is ¯xed for a eaction at a particular temperature, if [reactant] were increased then Le Chatelier would want to shift the equilibrium to decrease [reactant].  

Download HSEB Notes of Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | Student Study Guide and Solutions Manual | Extra Reference | David Klein

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DOWNLOAD HSEB NOTE OF CHEMISTRY | ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CLASS : 11 and 12
Published : 2011-02-02
 ISBN: 047175739X, 0470926619
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Students often say, I studied 40 hours for this exam and I still didn't do well. Where did I go wrong? Most instructors hear this complaint every year. In many cases, it is true that the student invested countless hours, only to produce abysmal results. Often, inefficient study habits are to blame. The important question is: why do so many students have difficulty preparing themselves for organic chemistry exams? There are certainly several factors at play here, but perhaps the most dominant factor is a fundamental disconnect between what students learn and the tasks expected of them.

Download HSEB Notes of Physics | Electromagnetic Induction | Extra Reference

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PHYSICS NOTES ON ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

CLASS : 11 AND 12

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Electromagnetic induction : Whenever there is change in magnetic induction linked with a coil emf is induced.

Download HSEB Notes of Chemistry | Chemistry Higher Level | Extra Reference for Chemistry

CHEMISTRY | EXTRA REFERENCE
CHEMISTRY HIGHER LEVEL
CLASS : 11 AND 12
Publish Date : November 2000
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